Artificial & Non-nutritive Sweeteners人工 + 非营养甜味剂

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阿斯巴甜 IARC 2B (2023) · 赤藓糖醇 Hazen 2023 Nat Med MACE · 三氯蔗糖肠菌 · 天然 ≠ 安全 · 0 卡 ≠ 中性

Eight families · landscape

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'Artificial sweetener' is a colloquial umbrella covering eight chemically distinct families with widely different metabolic and safety profiles. Lumping them together is where most misunderstandings start.

1. Aspartame — discovered 1965, FDA-approved 1981

Chemistry: L-aspartate + L-phenylalanine methyl ester; ~200× the sweetness of sucroseMetabolism: hydrolyzed in the gut to aspartate + phenylalanine + trace methanolContraindicated in phenylketonuria (PKU) — these patients cannot metabolize phenylalanine normallyBrands: NutraSweet, Equal; used in virtually all 'Zero' diet sodasIn 2023 WHO IARC classified it Group 2B 'possibly carcinogenic' on limited human + limited animal evidence
2. Sucralose (Splenda) — discovered 1976

Chemistry: three -OH groups on sucrose replaced with Cl; not metabolized by humans (~85% excreted)Sweetness ~600× sucroseStrength: heat-stable, doesn't decompose in bakingNew concern: Schiffman 2023 *J Toxicol Environ Health* found baking can generate chloropropanols (genotoxic) — FDA + EFSA still consider it safe but regulators are re-evaluating
3. Saccharin (Sweet'N Low) — discovered 1879, the oldest artificial sweetener

Not metabolized, excreted directly1970s rat bladder cancer → 1980s warning label → later shown to be rat-specific → 2001 warning removedSweetness ~300-400× sucrose
4. Acesulfame-K (Ace-K): not metabolized, ~200× sucrose — usually blended with other sweeteners (the blend tastes closer to sugar).

5. Stevia (RebA) — marketed as 'natural'

Extract from the South American *Stevia rebaudiana* plantMain sweet molecules are stevioside and rebaudioside ANot metabolized in humans; sweetness ~200-300× sucrose'Natural = safe' is mostly marketing rhetoric: FDA only approves high-purity rebaudioside A; whole-leaf stevia remains pending GRAS review
6. Monk fruit (Luo Han Guo): traditional Chinese sweetener; key molecule mogroside V; ~200× sucrose; FDA GRAS 2010.

Those six families above are all non-nutritive — not metabolized, near-zero calories. But the 'sweetener' umbrella also covers two more families that do carry calories and have real metabolic effects — lumping those in with the first six is another common misunderstanding. Turn the page for sugar alcohols + allulose.

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